College Should Live On Campus - 885 Words

Figuring out whether a college should live on campus or live in an apartment is a big decision during their college years. The student has so many decisions to make and this is just another decision to make on the road to their future. Many aspects must be looked at when deciding to live on campus or live off campus such as expense, student life and proximity to campus and these are just some parts of the whole equation. Both living on campus and living off campus have their pros and cons, the option the student chooses is based on where you feel most comfortable and where you will get the most out of your college experience. First thing the student must look at when deciding on their living accommodations is expense. Living on campus provides the student with a bed, food, and most of the time free entertainment. While living off campus the student encounters many different expenses than they would living on campus for example, the housing fee on campus is one fee. As compared to liv ing off campus which requires different payments like rent, electricity, water and more. Similarly all these bills must be paid for in one way or another, whether it be through one payment or several. Another expense that comes up when comparing on or off campus is the student s food bill. On campus there is usually some sort of meal plan where the students swipe a card at a restaurant or use it in the cafeteria. Living off campus the student must find their own food, if they can cook for thanShow MoreRelatedBanning Guns On A College Campus1184 Words   |  5 Pagesthat allow guns on a college campus (Armed Campus). Texas, Tennessee, Idaho, Utah, and Colorado, are the states included in this fact. If people would allow guns on a college campus, there would be less violence. Campuses are targets for violence since students cannot carry a gun to scare off a shooter, and it is also Americans’ second Amendment right to carry a gun. 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Methods And Findings Based On Literature Review Essay

Methods and Findings Based on Literature Review Gunten et al. (2012) conducted a quantitative study of 593 third-year medical students from July 2002 to December 2007. A pre-and post-instruction performance on knowledge, confidence, and concerns, regarding end of life care and palliative care measures was evaluated. The intervention required a 32 hour didactic and experiential curriculum. The results showed a â€Å"23% improvement in knowledge (F1,486 = 881, p 0.001), 56% improvement in self-reported competence (F1,486 = 2,804, p 0.001), and 29% decrease in self-reported concern (F1,486 = 208, p 0.001)† (p. 1198). Pesut et al. (2015) utilized a mix-method convergent parallel design study to evaluate the outcomes of an educational intervention of 22 rural nurses and 13 healthcare workers (sample) in palliative care. A pre and post-test analysis was completed and it demonstrated that healthcare providers had a statistically significant knowledge gain in many areas of palliative care. For instance, there was an increase in seven of ten palliative care competence dimensions, including pain needs, spiritual needs, and communication. Also, there was an improvement in the nurses’ self-perceived knowledge in three of twelve domains. It was also demonstrated that there was an improvement in communication among the healthcare team. The study concluded that an educational intervention could improve not only the knowledge but also the competence in nurses and healthcare providers.Show MoreRelatedStandardization in International Marketing Strategy Is Doomed to Failure: Literature Review and Methodol ogical Critique1577 Words   |  7 PagesStandardization in International Marketing Strategy is doomed to failure: Literature review and methodological critique. 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Hemodialysis In Esrd Diabetics Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(120) " requires that cost analysis be conducted to mensurate the repeating direct and indirect cost of supplying the service\." Chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) is defined as the irreversible loss of kidney map and can be categorized as symptomless kidney harm with mild nephritic disfunction or end-stage nephritic disease ( ESRD ) . ESRD finally consequences in decease without nephritic replacing therapy, which can be either nephritic organ transplant or dialysis. Nephritic replacing therapy as a intervention protocol identifies that, at end-stage nephritic disease, the optimum intervention is kidney organ transplant, as dialysis can non retroflex the biosynthetic and metabolic activities of the normal kidney ( Haller, Gutjahr, Kramar, Harnoncourt, A ; Oberbauer, 2011 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Hemodialysis In Esrd Diabetics Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now End-stage nephritic diseases and its precursor CKD are globally emerging as a important public wellness job, with increasing morbidity and mortality every bit good as economic deductions for health care, ( Szucsa, Sandoza, A ; Keuschb, 2004 ) . The World Health Organization 2002 estimation indicated that globally CKD contributes to over 850 000 deceases and over 15 million disability-adjusted life old ages, with epidemic rise of ESRD in multiple parts in the universe. The study notes that by 2010 more than 2 million people will necessitate care dialysis worldwide, ( WHO, 2003 ) . In St. Lucia, chronic nephritic inadequacy as a consequence of diabetes, high blood pressure, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, and reaping hook cell disease are the chief grounds for get downing dialysis intervention in patients with kidney map failure. This is similar to the findings of PeroviA†¡ and JankoviA†¡ ( 2009 ) . Zelmer ( 2007 ) postulates that non merely is ESRD a chronic disease with important morbidity impact, but it besides involves high-cost intervention options. These options are frequently limited in developing states such as St. Lucia, where available options include haemodialysis or the aggressive direction of hazard factors to detain patterned advance of ESRD. Global estimations indicate that about 30 % of patients with ESRD are as a effect of diabetic nephropathy [ commendation ] . In St. Lucia, the figure is significantly higher, stand foring 41 % of the ESRD patients who have received haemodialysis for the period 2002-2009. At the terminal of that 8 twelvemonth period ( 2002-2009 ) mortality rate among that population was every bit high as 53 % with mean age at decease being 57 old ages. These statistical figures indicate that ESRD among diabetics is a serious wellness concern with inauspicious clinical results that straight impact quality of life while bring forthing significant medical costs. The economic force per unit areas of ESRD intervention on the corporate wellness system are good documented. Haller et Al. ( 2011 ) identifies it as resource intensifier, necessitating significant sums of finite health care financess to handle a little per centum of the population. In 2005 entirely, attention for ESRD patients in Canada represented 1.2 % of all healthcare outgo, despite an incidence of 0.092 % , ( Zelmer, 2007 ) . Less than 0.06 % of St. Lucians have ESRD, yet the disease generated direct health care cost is important compared to other diseases. In 2008, the direct health care cost of ESRD was $ 2.2 million EC, about 5 % of the health care outgo, the economic weight of which was borne chiefly by the authorities. These findings indicate that the economic sciences of ESRD therapies are a little but instead expensive section within the overall health care proviso in any state. Yet cost-effectiveness surveies of the modes of intervention are few ( Haller, 2011 ) . Cost-effectiveness is the fastest turning field in wellness research and it embodies a signifier of full economic rating that looks at cost and effect of wellness programmes or intervention ( Muennig, 2008 ) . Using the definition by Palmer ( 2005 ) that states â€Å" cost-effectiveness surveies compare costs with clinical results measured in natural units, like life anticipation or old ages of diseases avoided † , Glassock ( 2010 ) noted that the entirety of costs may non needfully be captured. However, it is a utile tool with pertinence for the enconomic anlaysis of issues within the wellness system. Cost-effectiveness analysis ( CEA ) of intercession programmes as a valuable tool employed by decision-makers can be used to measure every bit Wellss as perchance better how the wellness system operates. Its application allows policy shapers to place which intercessions provide the highest â€Å" value for money † and help in assisting to choose intercessions and programmes that maximize wellness for the available resources. Health economic experts are able to buy the most wellness under a fixed budget, prioritising services within the wellness sector. CEA hence requires information on the extent to which current and possible intercessions improve population wellness, i.e. , effectivity and the resources required to implement the intercessions, i.e. , costs, ( Muennig, 2008 ) . The inclusion of cost agencies that the design of the survey will integrate cost-unit analysis as a tool to analyze the economic impact of the proviso of the service of dialysis for terminal phase nephritic patients with diabetes and cost effectivity to find the quality adjusted life twelvemonth ( QALYs ) or wellness related quality of life ( HRQoL ) for that population. The chief result step will concentrate on costs per quality-adjusted life old ages ( QALYs ) , similar to a survey conducted in Austria ( Haller et al. , 2011 ) . QALYs were estimated utilizing the 15D, a generic standardised instrument to mensurate wellness related quality of life, ( Sintonen, 2001 ) . Cost will be viewed from the position of direct disbursement on wellness attention for dialysis, coupled with the indirect costs of productiveness losingss due to premature decease and short- and long-run disablement. The impact of mortality costs as the amount of the discounted present value of current and future productiveness losingss from premature deceases will be measured from an incident-based human capital attack, pulling from a similar survey conducted in Canada in 2000 ( Zelmer, 2007 ) . Muennig ( 2008 ) posits that because it is frequently hard to account for all cost, and the clip and resource restraints associated with micro-costing, certain premises as relates to costs are frequently made during cost-effectiveness analysis. This survey employs the usage of a authorities position to analyse the cost effectivity of dialysis for terminal phase nephritic patients with diabetes in St. Lucia. This requires that cost analysis be conducted to mensurate the repeating direct and indirect cost of supplying the service. You read "Hemodialysis In Esrd Diabetics Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" In the part, specifically in the state under survey, wellness attention organisations seldom know the cost of the service provided and seldom employ the tools needed to measure that cost on a regular footing. In a globally runing economic society, economic tendencies have made it imperative for both net income and non-profit organisations that provide services, including authorities bureaus, to measure the cost of clinical services provided. Finance for wellness is non infinite and with significant budget cuts in the wellness service industry, there is increasing force per unit area for wellness atten tion installations to go more accountable and be more efficient with the financess allocated to wellness attention ( Basch, 1999 ) . Health economic sciences recognises the demand for wellness services to be provided in a mode that is non merely efficient but sustainable. Measuring, understanding and documenting the cost of services makes it easier to better cost-efficiency of these services, while foregrounding the support demands of the sector and by extension the authorities. It besides provides an chance to set up fees for clients that are based on realistic site costs. Previous surveies on cost-effectiveness of intervention options for ESRD have compared different modes of dialysis or organ transplant, [ commendation ] . The analysis of haemodialysis versus pharmaceutical direction to detain ESRD patterned advance flexible joints on the fact that the current capacity of the Renal Unit in St. Lucia can non supply dialysis for all ESRD patients. But it is rather clear that haemodialysis like pharmaceutical direction is non the optimum intervention option for ESRD as the optimum protocol is organ transplant. The wellness system in St. Lucia is mandated by its aims to better the wellness of the population and accordingly needs to guarantee that its limited resources are non devoted to expensive intercessions with little effects on population wellness, while at the same clip low cost intercessions with potentially greater benefits are non to the full implemented. While old research has been conducted to place the economic impact of the estimated health-care costs for ESRD, every bit good as the cost-effectiveness of assorted options for nephritic replacing therapies, similar surveies have non been replicated in the resource strapped Eastern Caribbean. This survey wishes to concentrate on the cost-effectiveness of haemodialysis among type 2 diabetics in St. Lucia over an 8 twelvemonth period ( 2002-2008 ) . Using the usage of CEA, it aims at comparing the cost and effects or results ( cost-effectiveness ) of haemodialysis for diabetic nephropathy utilizing the comparator of making nil, which in this instance is the pharmaceutical direction of patients with diabetic kidney diseases to detain patterned advance of ESRD. This is particularly relevant to the wellness system in St. Lucia, as concerns on the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its rate of addition, and the determination to spread out the service to two new installations in the absenc e of research requires that a better apprehension of the range and magnitude of the entire economic load of ESRD and the cost effectivity of dialysis intervention for diabetics with ESRD. The findings will assist to inform those doing policy determinations, and may be utile in set uping a set of precedences for farther research, bar plans, and in the planning of alternate interventions to assist relieve that load. Methodology This survey uses a retrospective attack to data aggregation. The survey population was selected from the lone public Renal Unit which forms portion of the general infirmary, Victoria infirmary. While there is another Nephritic Unit of measurement in St. Lucia that offers dialysis, it is a portion of the private infirmary which did non wish to take part in this survey. The survey population comprised ESRD patients with diabetic kidney diseases. Patients were considered depending on whether they received haemodialysis or whose diabetes was being pharmaceutically managed to detain ESRD patterned advance. Of the 111 patients on dialysis, 45 were due to diabetic kidney disease and 21 were actively having organ transplant at the clip the survey was being conducted. The nephrologists identified 12 ESRD patients who were non having dialysis but were being managed pharmaceutically. All diabetics who are or have been on dialysis with end-stage nephritic disease for the period 2002-2009 and were having dialysis due to diabetic kidney diseases were included in the survey. Persons were excluded from this survey if they were on dialysis prior to being diagnosed with diabetes. The comparator group differs from the haemodialysis group merely in the signifier of intervention that they are having, dwelling of all patients with ESRD due to diabetic kidney diseases who are non having dialysis but whose diabetes is sharply managed with medicine to detain ESRD patterned advance. Chronic conditions such as ESRD require uninterrupted intervention and as a effect a cost-effectiveness of intervention options over a period of clip for a cohort of patients, employs the usage of the Markov theoretical account to look into long term costs and results. The Markov theoretical account developed for this survey describes the procedure of attention observing that patients were assigned or began their patterned advance through the theoretical account in either of two provinces, hospital haemodialysis or pharmaceutical direction of type 2 diabetes to detain ESRD patterned advance, and decease signifies the terminal of the rhythm. A systematic literature reappraisal was conducted of peer-reviewed economic ratings of dialysis intervention modes among diabetic patients. Ebscohost and PubMed were searched utilizing the keywords cost-effectiveness, dialysis, end-stage nephritic disease and diabetic kidney disease and was limited to articles published in the last 12 old ages ( 2000-2011 ) , some articles, if they fell out of the selected old ages of publication were accepted based on the strength of their findings. The inclusion standards identified articles that included the keywords in the capable headers every bit good as the usage of Renal Replacement Therapy/economics, Renal Dialysis/economics, Hemodialysis Units, or Kidney Failure. If they included the term peritoneal dialysis or haemodialysis they were besides included. Exclusion standards of articles were identified as non-English articles and those that did non compare intervention options. More than 500 articles were identified but 31 were selected for ma nual reappraisal. Data on wellness attention costs, passage to other wellness provinces and quality of life were imputed into the Markov theoretical account. Data was obtained from the Renal Unit at the Victoria Hospital, the public wellness installation. Data on quality of life was obtained utilizing the 15D, a multidimensional, standardised generic instrument to mensurate quality or health-related quality of life ( Sintonen, 2001 ) . The 15D was used since it combines the advantages of a profile and individual index mark step that describes the wellness position by measuring 15 dimensions. The mean mark value for each dimension was used to find the wellness related quality of life in the survey population. The usage of the 15D used to mensurate quality of life result was reported in QALYs, a step of the load of disease that included the quality and measure of life lived against a pecuniary value, medical intervention or intercession. The mean mark value for each dimension measured by the 15D was used to find the wellness related quality of life of the survey population utilizing the graduated table provided by Sintonen ( 2001 ) . The findings were standardized against the load of disease markers identified by the WHO ( Ref ) . Other variables were considered in the survey and a standard questionnaire was administered to the survey population to obtain informations on the socio-economic position of individuals within the survey population. The socio-demographic questionnaire was tested against a pool of eight individuals from those who are on dialysis for grounds other than diabetic nephropathy and who were as similar to the survey population in footings of gender, instruction, socio-economic position and geographic location. Contented analysis was used to measure the information obtained from the socio-demographic questionnaire. All survey participants were provided with a missive refering namelessness and confidentiality and informed consent was obtained prior to engagement. Ethical blessing was obtained from the IRB at St. George ‘s University and the moralss commission of the Ministry of Health in St. Lucia. Costss Cost-effectiveness was examined from a governmental position utilizing the clinical records of the Division of Nephrology patient enrollment and charge systems at the Victoria Hospital coupled with information from published surveies on endurance and quality of life among diabetic nephropathy patients. The theoretical account used included the direct wellness service costs associated with the intervention options, and an one-year cost per patient was calculated for each wellness province in the theoretical account. Direct health care costs associated with dialysis usage included bing regular dialysis Sessionss, complications of the dialysis, such as curdling of the fistulous withers or hypotension episodes, research lab trials and services required as a effect of dialysis and medicine usage as a consequence of intervention. Premises were made on the regularity of direct health care cost associated with dialysis, such as regularity of research lab testing and blood transfusions. Micro -costing, roll uping informations on staffing, consumables, capital, and operating expenses were used to find the cost of one session of haemodialysis ( Table 1 ) . Structured interviews were used to obtain inside informations sing staff clip allocated to dialysis activities, every bit good as the regularity of other services used as a consequence of the intervention options. The survey identified capital points as the edifice infinite allotted to the Unit for intervention, and equipment such as the dialysis machines and air conditioner unit. Costss have been reported in Eastern Caribbean Dollars ( EC ) presented at the 2008 degree and an tantamount one-year cost calculated utilizing a 3 per centum price reduction rate over the predicted life span. Muennig ( 2008 ) argues that a governmental position can include some facets of transportantion costs. Evidence from the Minstry of Communication and Works and the conveyance board imply that there is no nationally agreed policy for conveyance costs. There are fluctuations across St. Lucia in footings of milage, hence for the intents of our analysis, conveyance costs are excluded. The survey reviewed costs over an 8 twelvemonth period ( 2002-2009 ) . This clip frame was partially determined by the handiness of the informations two old ages after the programme was initiated and the premises made with mention to the analysis were tabulated ( Table 2 ) . Incremental costs per QALY gained were calculated by utilizing the estimations of costs and QALYs for each of the two modes obtained from the theoretical account, and the findings were presented as incremental costs per QALY. A one-way sensitiveness analysis was used to look into variableness in the information, changing the price reduction rate from 3 % to 5 % the age weights and disablement weights. A concluding sensitiveness analysis of mortality rates was besides conducted since the premise was that the mortality rates for haemodialysis were the same as those of pharmaceutical direction of ESRD diabetics. Consequences [ Presentation of Results†¦ ] Discussion [ Discussion of Results and deductions†¦ ] Locke ( 1987 ) is a advocate of the position that all surveies have built-in restrictions and boundary line. Primary and secondary information was used in this survey. Jankowich ( 2005 ) warns of the restrictions of the usage of secondary informations, as the methodological analysis used in garnering secondary informations has come into inquiry. The survey was limited by the truth and quality of the informations, which Basch ( 1999 ) argues is a repeating job in developing states. The questionnaire as a tool for garnering information airss some disadvantages, as it does non supply an chance for inquiries to be clarified or to verify that replies are understood or that all inquiries are answered. In add-on it means that the individuals being surveyed must hold the pre-requisite literacy accomplishments. This restriction was minimized by pre-testing the socio-demographic questionnaire was tested against a pool of eight individuals from those who were on dialysis for grounds other than diabetic nephropathy and who were as similar to the survey population in footings of gender, instruction, socio-economic position and geographic location, ( Table 2 ) . Another restriction to the survey was the inability to prove the 15D questionnaire as it could non be altered to be more specific. Low response rate every bit good as non-response prejudice for the questionnaire may significantly skew the information as the survey population is so little. Jankowicz ( 2005 ) argues that coaction is maximized when respondents are in some sense rewarded for cooperation and that these wagess outweigh the cost in footings of money and attempt. To accomplish this, respondents were shown that their information was valued and the construction of the questionnaire would necessitate really small in footings of clip and attempt. The absence of other surveies that compared the intervention modes used in this survey serves as a restriction of this paper, but it remains the lone feasible comparator that was available to the research worker. There are restrictions and troubles in any effort to cipher the average cost of a dialysis session, particularly in public installations where cost is subsidized ( commendation? ) , as every aspect of attention and cost associated with the session must be taken into consideration. Consequently premises were made on cost for direct and indirect services related to intervention options compared in this survey, ( Muennig, 2008 ) . Premises are justified as this is a non-funded research with clip restraints and a demand to cut down cost drivers. The survey was besides limited in its position as it could non show on national costs from a social position such as the patient ‘s ability to work or the chance costs. The strength of the survey lies in the usage of triangulation to garner and analyze informations to determine their common decision, effectivity based on costs and QALYs. Decrop ( 1999 ) concurs that one of the chief ways to avoid the combative issue of cogency and dependability is the usage of triangulation. He defines triangulation as â€Å" looking at the same phenomenon, or research inquiry from more than one information beginning † ( p158 ) . Information coming from different angles can be utilised to confirm, lucubrate or clear up the research inquiry. Denzin ( 1978 ) besides claims that triangulation bounds personal and methodological prejudice every bit good as enhances the survey ‘s generalizability. The usage of the Markov theoretical account is an built-in strength of the survey. Gonzalez-Perez, Vale, Stearns, and Wordsworth ( 2005 ) argue that the theoretical account ‘s ability to predict comparative effectivity and cost overtime makes it appropriate for patterning chronic intervention options such as RRT. The usage of cost-effectiveness to find QALYs is advantage and the usage of a standardised instrument to mensurate QALY besides strengthens the survey. The 15D is recognised as by and large being a little measuring load to both respondents and research workers. As an rating tool it is extremely dependable due to its repeatability of measurings with minimized random mistake. The consequences generated are valid because of the grade of assurance that research workers can put on the illations that are drawn from the tonss. Sintonen ( 2001 ) posits that as an instrument to mensurate cost-effectiveness, it is peculiarly suited for ciphering quality-adjusted life old ages ( QALY ) . Choice prejudice is limited in this survey due to recruiting of the full mark population. This is the first survey of its sort in the part and it does non hold any concern associations, an built-in strength to this survey. It is able to function as a precursor to farther research and therefore is poised to assist steer policies on how cost-effectiveness surveies are done in the part and their application to decision-making in health care. The enlargement of haemodialysis to run into the turning ESRD population, and an increased incidence of diabetic kidney disease in St. Lucia has deductions for the findings of this survey. It is of import that focal point is directed at primary, secondary and third intercessions aimed at cut downing cost of diabetic attention and accordingly complications from diabetes, such as diabetic kidney disease. Primary intercessions are the most cost-efficient. Health publicities to cut down hazard of developing diabetes, which is a hazard factor for ESRD, needs to go portion of the authorization of the Ministry of wellness. A policy on Chronic Diseases developed within the primary health care program that presently exist, would assist steer that focal point. Mann et Al. ( 2010 ) argue cautiousness against population based testing for CKD, and recommend that testing, as a secondary intercession, should concentrate on at hazard populations. Their survey concluded that ‘targeted showing of people with diabetes is associated with an acceptable cost per QALY in publically funded health care systems ‘ . Such an attack can be adopted in the wellness system in St. Lucia. While the bulk of cost-effectiveness analysis of intervention modes for diabetic nephropathy focal points on the disease at its latent or progressed phase, Glassock ( 2010 ) noted that a survey by Gearde et Al. ( 2008 ) identified that early sensing of diabetic kidney disease and intensive pharmaceutical intercessions are non merely cost effectual but significantly reduces the hazard of ESRD among type 2 diabetics. These findings are replicated in a survey by Keane and Lyle ( 2003 ) and Szucs et Al. ( 2004 ) who found that Losartan reduced the incidence of ESRD among diabetics. They went on to reason that albuminuria which is the ‘single most powerful forecaster ‘ of in type 2 diabetes is a simple and cheap showing trial, and early sensing can take to the early disposal of drugs that have been proven to cut down ESRD incidence. Cost-effectiveness analysis is able to supply valuable penetration to prioritising within health care and so the findings of this survey is able to supply grounds to back up efficiency in the usage of limited resources. Policy-makers should utilize these findings to reexamine the determination to spread out the figure of haemodialysis centres in St. Lucia. Further research to place more cost-efficient intervention options would be the first measure to bettering efficiency of resource allotment. The domination of haemodialysis as a intervention mode for ESRD, despite the overplus of surveies that have identified it as the least cost-efficient of RRTs, ( Haller et al. , 2011 ; Just et al. , 2008, Kontodimopoulos A ; Niakas, 2008 ) , provides the wellness sector, with the grounds needed to revise intervention protocols and an chance to improved cost-effectiveness of ESRD intervention. This can be achieved by significantly cut downing the usage of haemodialysis and introducing as an option, peritoneal dialysis which have been cited as being the most effectual of dialysis options. Just et al. cautiousness that the economic sciences of dialysis in the underdeveloped universe, where labor may be cheaper than the importing of equipment and solutions, may take to the perceptual experience that peritoneal dialysis is more expensive than haemodialysis. They go on to observe that this is non conclusive as there is a famine in economic ratings in developing states to confirm that posit ion. A good developed CKD Care Program is able to significantly cut down the chance of developing ESRD among at hazard populations, every bit good as significantly lower health care costs among ESRD patients, ( Wei et al. , 2010 ) . There is a demand to spread out the services offered by the Renal Unit every bit good as its coverage to assist accomplish that terminal. Decision [ Conclusion based on findings ] How to cite Hemodialysis In Esrd Diabetics Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Impact of Media on Health Care-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Critical analysis of the role and power of Current Australian Media. 2.Identify the Influence of the Media in relation to Culturally Safe Care. 3.Select two Media items one Positive Contributes and one Negative Potentially detracts and Investigate how each demonstrates their potential Influenceon Cultural Safety in Health Care. Answer: Introduction The current assignment focuses on the role of Australian media in influencing the practices adopted and health behaviour of the people. In this respect, media has been defined as powerful tool in redefining the myths possessed by the societies. However, the provision of support and health care services with respect to a multicultural society often becomes difficult. This could be attributed to the huge number of paradoxes faced by the health support service providers. In this context, the immigration of people from different cultural backgrounds within the country with diverse values and beliefs becomes a limiting factor. The immigrants often have to deal with language barriers with respect to communicating in English. Moreover, the cultural paradoxes possessed by them may result in disagreements with the current health care sector. The choice of media also plays a crucial factor over here such as print media and social networking tools. The media have been found to have a profound effect in convincing the economy towards the right usage of the health care tools. Moreover, the media is often limited in its outreach to people. Additionally, incomplete and false information provided by the media can also hamper the culturally safe practices adopted by the people. 1.Role and power of Australian media in impacting health care The Current social and print media of the Australian market bears a huge responsibility towards making the public aware about the best health care approaches. In this respect, the media bears as much responsibility towards making the public aware about health concerns and practices as for any other findings and reports. In this context, the present health care market based in Australia has to cater to the health requirement of a multicultural society. The limitations are often faced with respect to the barriers in terms of the pre-conceived notions possessed by the society regarding certain health care practices. This is further influenced by individual society and perception possessed by a certain section of the society. As suggested by Smith (2007), economic limitations often prevent few people from availing of the required health services. The media can play an effective role in provision of the required information to the needy. This is because often limitation of knowledge possessed by a specific group of people influences them into making the wrong choices. The journalists possess a huge responsibility towards informing the people about relevant medication and sources. For the purpose of which they need to conduct effect study and research for gathering sufficient information. They need to narrow down the search to the right keywords and articles for producing an effective read to the population (Kline, 2006). Therefore, the provision of superfluous information may generate anxieties and fear in the minds of people (Brascoup, 2009). The media needs to be guarded in the presentation of its facts and interpretations. The media needs to provide an interface where open-ended questionnaire are presented to the readers. In this context, the option is left open to them in deciding the preferred mode of action. However, the journalists cannot become the advocates of the causes by putting in a one sided view (Talbot, 2009). Therefore, to provide a proper conclusion to the facts and interpretations sufficient research and analysis are required. In this respect, the two different forms of media have been presented over here such as social media and the print media. The social media however has added advantage for reaching to a widespread population. Moreover, people find it more comfortable in accessing internet for finding information than reading books and journals. Additionally, the second option faced a number of challenges as far as language literacy rates are concerned (DeSouza R. , 2008). Moreover, some of the journals being pricey cannot be accessed easily by the each and every one. However, internet comes in much easy and flexible packages making it s a benefit. The social media is supposed to be more powerful in bringing about a paradigm within the health cultural practices in Australia. This is because of its ability in offering a much wider platform for group discussion. This often helps in clearing up of the fog present in the minds of people related to certain health practices. The print media have often been f ound to present one-sided judgments regarding certain medications and practices. Thus, a balanced and comprehensive presentation of the subject is required for neutralizing the false myths and knowledge been in circulation 2.Effect of media on implementing culturally safe practice Implementation of methods of cultural safety practices are believed to empower the support users of the health care services. In this respect, there is a need to understand the virtues propagated under the lineage of cultural safe practices. The culturally safe environment is defined as one, which ensures the overall well being of an individual(Anderson, 2006). This encompasses physical, mental and emotional well being of a person. The, promotions of cultural safe practices are dependent upon the concept of sharing. This refers to the sharing of knowledge and individual learning. Therefore, adopting culturally safe practices by the Australian media would mean providing sufficient space to the multicultural segment of the society. The media therefore, needs to provide proper respect to individual segments of the society and their thought processes (DeSouza R. , 2008). This provides more autonomy to the target segment of population in voicing of their opinions against any heath peril t hat they might be subjected. The media can promote or enhance the cultural safety depending on a number of factors such as reflecting on the cultures, values and beliefs possessed by the multicultural society. Thus, effective measures needs to be taken to enhance active communication within the culturally diverse groups and the mediators of health services. This could be done by the presentation of sufficient and needful information to the target population group. Some of the examples could be considered over here such as the use where media role has been seen to generate increased conflict within the present population. In December 2004, there have been many speculations about the site effects of a single dose of nevirapine. The same has been seen to prevent the transmission of infection from HIV infected mother to foetus. However, a media report had suggested that the side effects of the drug have been controlled. This resulted in mixed reactions within the population by generating fear and anxieties in the mi nds of the people. However, the experts believed that such information might enhance the rate of neonatal infections (Brascoup, 2009). The social media over here possess more autonomy in empowering culturally safe practices. Some of these practices are arranging of public health campaigns as well as availability of virtual doctors. This serves as a one-stop solution to most of the problems a person might encounter in attending the required health services. Additionally, the social media also comes with the added benefits where people with similar health conditions could strike a conversation with each other. This help them in narrowing down their anxieties and acts as a stable emotional support. The social media has brought about a revolution in community and public health by providing sufficient opportunity to share relevant information (Ellen, 2006). However, the social media is not devoid of any loopholes, which may threaten the safe cultural practices. Some of these are privacy concern issues regarding the information shared by an individual with a group or community. The data sharing tools need to be optimized regarding for maintenance of the security concerns. Additionally, the social media sites providing information regarding health issues need to be neutral in its mode of address to the users. This is because use of unnecessary biasness or favouritism may lead to generation of negative feeling within the population. 3.Positive and negative evaluation of different types of media There are a number of negative and positive impacts of media on the well being of people. In this respect, two such forms of media are dominant in the Australian market such as social media and the print media. Therefore, there is a need to measure the pros and cons associated with both the forms of media. The print media has been limited in its approach with respect to reaching out to huge number of people. Moreover, the facts presented there in are a mere summary of the present problem or situation. It may not be in lieu with the advanced research plan and may serve as a major drawback. Moreover, most of the current print media in Australia fails to provide sufficient coverage current and emerging health practices (Zavyalova, 2012). In this respect, the role of the media as health journalists could be highlighted. This is because though there are proper rules and regulations, which may prevent the sale of illegal medicines. Recent reports have shown that illegal and prohibited drugs have been unscrupulously sold in the market. This is attributable to the unavailibity of substitute medicine or drugs in the market. The media can keep a check over the sale of such banned medicines by keeping the public informed regarding the same. Similarly, the loopholes of social media need to be emphasized upon here, which is presentation of limited knowledge not supported by sufficient facts. This results in the generation of false ideas within the population regarding certain health implications and practices. However, false representation regarding the use of particular group of medicines may result in a fix situation (Enemark, 2014). This may result in people either overtaking a particular group of medicine or boycotting the same. Similarly, the public ads designed for use over some of the media sites such have far and wide reach. However, media could be effectively used for the promotion of effective campaigns. Some of these campaigns such as anti-smoking over some of the most visited social networking sites such as facebook may serve an effective purpose. This is because the young age group who are mostly under peer pressure frequents these sites. Therefore, such measures could prevent the cultural as well as the ethi cal practices of the people. Conclusion The assignment focuses on the aspect of the role of media in influencing the beliefs and values possessed by the people. These values further affect the methods and health practices adopted by them. The Australian health care sector dealing with multicultural immigrants has to face a number of challenges in provision of the support services. In this context, a number of the barriers are faced by the health catering agencies. The limitations are mainly based upon the cultural interest and the economical stability possessed different sectors. Most often, the organizations looking after the health needs of the people are limited in their outreach. The media can emerge as a powerful tool over there in educating the public about the correct methods and practices. Moreover, some of the social behaviours adopted by the people such as drinking and smoking can have serious effect upon the health of people. There is a need to bring to the notice of the people the harmful sides of negative health behaviour. Additionally, the resources of the Australian health market are limited in nature. There is a need is a need to direct the resources through proper channel and routes to a significant proportion of the population. Therefore, the media can play a powerful role in mitigating the problems encountered in the field of health care. References: al., D. e. (2009). Standards of Practice for Culturally. Journal of transcultural nursing , 257-269. Anderson, I. C.-P. (2006). Indigenous health in Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific. The Lancet , 1775-1785. Brascoup, S. . (2009). Cultural safety: Exploring the applicability of the concept of cultural safety to Aboriginal health and community wellness. International Journal of Indigenous Health , 6. DeSouza, R. (. (2008). Wellness for all: the possibilities of cultural safety and cultural competence in New Zealand. Journal of Research in Nursing , 125-135. DeSouza, R. (2008). Wellness for all: the possibilities of cultural safety and cultural competence in New Zealand. Journal of Research in Nursing , 125-135. Ellen, P. S. (2006). Building corporate associations: Consumer attributions for corporate socially responsible programs. ournal of the Academy of Marketing Science , 147-157. Enemark, D. M. (2014). Knowledge and networks: An experimental test of how network knowledge affects coordination. Social Networks , 122-133. Kline, K. N. (2006). A decade of research on health content in the media: the focus on health challenges and sociocultural context and attendant informational and ideological problems. Journal of health communication , 43-59. Smith, J. L. (2007). Critical discourse analysis for nursing research. Nursing Inquiry , 60-70. Talbot, L. . (2009). Promoting health: the primary health care approach. Zavyalova, A. P. (2012). Managing the message: The effects of firm actions and industry spillovers on media coverage following wrongdoing. Academy of Management Journa , 1079-1101

Positive Discrimination Towards Women in Society Essay Example

Positive Discrimination Towards Women in Society Essay Positive discrimination towards women in society is justified. No because†¦ Discrimination is never positive. In a civilized society, it is not exceptable to treat people differently, on the basis of gender. Furthermore, the claim of women having a disadvantaged status is preposterous. A quick examination of our laws and societal practices shows that women have an incredibly advantaged status. They are not required to register for the draft[1], like men are. They have a government council devoted solely to them[2] [3], whereas men do not. They have female-only scholarships and grants[4], whereas men do not. They have shelters to escape domestic violence[5], whereas men do not. They are protected from circumcision by law[6], whereas men are not. Their names are hidden when they accuse others of several kinds of crimes, whereas men are not[7]. If anyone is disadvantaged, its men. Men are 80% of suicides[8], 40% of colleges students[9], 40% of degree earners[10], 80% of the homeless[11], 80% of the layed off[12], and 92. 7% of the job deaths[13]. Men are more likely to die from every major cause of death[14], and yet there exists no amount of medical funding and research for them, on par with that of women. And this is to say nothing, of the blatant discriminations, under the law, that men suffer, as mentioned above. Positive discrimination towards women should not be allowed Women shouldnt be subject to positive discrimination because they are as capable as men are at succeeding in society. International law also states that men and women are both equal in right therefore positive discrimination is in direct breach of this. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Discrimination Towards Women in Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Discrimination Towards Women in Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Discrimination Towards Women in Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Even given the best of intentions, discrimination based on ascribed rather than achieved characteristics is unjust Not true equality†¦ If men and women are truly equal, there shouldnt be a need for a particular legislation to classify them as such. Laws are inherently complicated and the wording can be interpreted in a variety of ways. If we propose to legislate equality rights for women, that could have the negative effect of restricting the rights as lawyers examine the legislations finding alternate interpretations. Ending up in constricting rights that is already given in general laws applying equally to every man woman and child in this country. Positive discrimination serves little purpose, women shouldnt need a specific set of laws telling them what they can do, if they truly believe they are equal to men in every way. The basic laws such as Human Rights Act 1998 should be sufficient. Will Cause Resentment Between Men and Women Positive discrimination is seen as favouring one over the other, the other side will harbor resentments and jealousy. Women and men need to work together in society; and, they cant do so with such hostility between them. Such steps will engender a feeling of despair in men, when they are treated as less that of women. They will resent women, particularly for attempting to justify the discriminations against them. In no way, shape, and form could biases against men, contribute to a healthy society, nor will they mend any problems we have now. On the contrary, they would make relations between the genders far more problematic than they already are. As for your question, about my origins, Im from Mars, if youre from Venus. It does not address the underlying issues well actually if the women of today are given jobs on the basis of positive discrimination, their daughters(and sons) have greater motivation and probability for getting jobs. Working/educated mothers have better chances of educated/working children. Schools set up just to educate girls are a form of positive discrimination. Positive discrimination is merely a stop-gap measure. It only helps women in the end result ie getting a job it doesnt address why they might not be having the access to these opportunities in the first place. If women are not being offered jobs at the top end of industry, why not? If as in some countries it is because they do not have equal access to education, then addressing this base issue would have a more positive and long lasting effect. If women do not have access to jobs through discrimination reasons then discrimination legislation needs to be implemented or more strictly enforced. Positive discrimination may help the current generation of disadvantaged women but fails to address future generations issues. It is Men, Not Women, who are Disadvantaged in our Society The claim of women having a disadvantaged status is preposterous. A quick examination of our laws and societal practices shows that women have an incredibly advantaged status. They are not required to register for the draft[1], like men are. They have a government council devoted solely to them[2] [3], whereas men do not. They have female-only scholarships and grants[4], whereas men do not. They have shelters to escape domestic violence[5], whereas men do not. They are protected from circumcision by law[6], whereas men are not. Theyre names are hidden when they accuse others of several kinds of crimes, whereas men are not[7]. If anyone is disadvantaged, its men. Men are 80% of suicides[8], 40% of colleges students[9], 40% of degree earners, 80% of the homeless[10], 80% of the layed off[11], and 92. 7% of the job deaths[12]. Men are more likely to die from every major cause of death[13], and yet there exists no amount of medical funding and research for them, on par with that of women. And this is to say nothing, of the blatant discriminations, under the law, that men suffer, as mentioned above. Rebuttal to opposition, part 1: Not True Equality In the post, Not True Equality, you stated that: your premise is incorrect. All men and women should be treated equally. A woman keeping a man-slave for chattel does not make that slave inferior but if the law does not say that they are equal shell have the right to treat that man as an inferior and keep him as her slave; undermining him in everything. bullying people does not make someone superior, fact is more men bully women than vice versa and the law needs to state that the sexes are equal to diminish harassment from either side. It is your premise that is incorrect. You can not state that you think men and women should be treated equally, when you are arguing in favor of women being given special advantages in society. Secondly, the law does state that the sexes are equal; but, it isnt applied that way. For example, only men are required to register for the draft. If it is equality you seek, then the answer is just that: equalit y. Inequality can not be fixed by advocating for more inequality. Thirdly, where on earth did you get that men bully women, more often than vice-versa? You gave no citations; and, you need to add them. You outright claim its a fact; but, you go on to give no factual evidence. Furthermore, how is that relevant to the discussion at hand? Bullying has no barring on the subject of how the law should treat different groups. Rebuttal to opposition, part 2: Positive discrimination towards women should not be allowed In the post, Positive discrimination towards women should not be allowed, you stated: There is no such thing as international law in the USA, except for treaties which are ratified by the Senate. Consequently, the so-called international law must be subservient to USA law and interpreted accordingly. Thus, positive discrimination does NOT violate international law because international law does NOT exist in the USA. Women should certainly be granted positive discrimination, and men should give every advantage to them. Actually, there is such a thing as international law; and the ones we are talking about have already been agreed to by the United States Congress. It is not, nor must it be subservient to U. S. law. The United States signed the treaty known as the Charter of the United Nations[1]; wherein the United States agreed to be bound by its articles, including chapter IV, wherein the United States agreed to adhere to the resolutions of the General Assembly. One such resolution was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights[2], which stated in Article 2: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty One of the rights and freedoms set forth in the declaration, that was alluded to in the post, Positive discrimination towards women should not be allowed was the right to be equals before the law, as set out in Article 7, which states: All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. The United States Congress has already signed this treaty and is therefore obliged to comply with it, at the legislative level. That is why positive discrimination against men is already in violation of our laws and international law; and, why it cant be permitted.

Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice Paper Essays

Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice Paper Essays Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice Paper Essay Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice Paper Essay Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice Paper Joseph Merritt CJA344 July 10,2011 Melba Ferlow- Herrington Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice Paper This paper will primarily focus on racial disparity in sentencing. While studying the different problems associated with racial disparity we will also look at why racial disparity exsist within sentencing. In society today there are a diversity of citizens, offenders, and leaders within the court system. However, race still plays a big role in the criminal justice system especially during the sentencing portion of a trial or hearing. Although racial dynamics may have changed over time, race still exerts an undeniable presence in the sentencing process. â€Å" This ranges from desperate traffic stops due to racial profiling to imposition of the death penalty based on the race of the victim and / or the offender† ( The Sentencing Project,2007). Here in the United States, African American criminal are over represented compared to this number in the general population. According to (Calderon, 2006) â€Å" The idea of a racially discriminatory process violates the ideals of equal treatment under law as well as under the constitution that these laws were based upon. Racial discrimination within sentencing is often a complex process in total connection with other factors which produce racially discriminatory outcomes in certain situations. Racial discrimination has been a big part of this country for a long time. And just because things have started to change does not mean that perception of the people have chan ged. The sad thing is people who are in a position to initiate a sentence may still believe this way today. The true analogy is the world may change but not all people want to change. Many blacks and Spanish descendants who do not work regular jobs may have this type of information used against them quite often at no fault of their own , but, as some folks say â€Å" Never judge a book by its cover. † According to (Burnham,Sen, 2005) â€Å" The compact for racial justice is a proactive agenda for fairness and unity in our communities, politics, the economy, and the law. It offers a concrete strategy and purpose to reverse racial disparities and move our societies toward full equity, cultural diversity, inclusion, and dignity for all people. Having fairness and unity in our communities would be very good because people of all nationalities would begin to be treated with some form of equity. People in our society need to come to the realization that color is a skin complexion. Whether you are white, black, purple or green, color has not committed any crime but, in the eye sight of people how we look at people and their color will continue to make a problem f or all in years, centuries, and decades to come. There are four reasons as to why racial disparity continues to climb in todays’ society they are Prosecutorial Discretion, Ineffective Assistance of Council, and Procedural Bars, venue and jury selection and racism by jurors. According to (Tabak,1999) â€Å" these reasons apply in cases in which the death penalty may be sought. † When illustrating the use of prosecutorial discretion two crime types come to mind that can be compared they include white collar crimes and city crimes. When white collar crimes are committed the sentencing imposed are normally lesser than of those who commit a city crime. Some of the sentences handed down are unfair. An example of this is a person who are not honest about their taxes will make an agreement with the IRS who know they have committed the crime, and they will not spend any time in jail. Whereas, a person who were caught by law enforcement officers for carrying or selling a small amount of drugs would receive five years in prison. The crimes are both bad crimes and should carry the same type of sentence but, amazingly the two crimes do not carry the same sentence but, if brought before a jury both the crimes would probably get dismissed depending on the number of times the crimes were committed by the persons. Why do people who commit city crimes seem to be punished more harshly than of those who commit crimes that are equally as bad such as fraud, and as a result the crime may never step foot into a court room? There are several other reasons why these problems still exist. Racial Disparity is present within sentencing because of the way ineffective assistance of counsel and the procedural bars. The problem lies within the fact that â€Å"proving ineffective assistance of counsel is structured in a way that is extremely difficult to show that a lawyer is ineffectual†(Tabak,1999). A good example of this case where the defendant Johnny Lee Gates, the defendant lived in a black community all of his life. The defendant was accused of raping a white women, and the jurors listening to the case were all white. In this particular case the lawyer for the defendant should have objected to the jury that was selected for this case, nor should have allowed for the client to be tried by an all-white jury. When looking at the case more closely it was clearly shown that the lawyer did not care nor did the lawyer show any interest in his client’s case. In retrospect, the lawyer of the defendant had already agreed with the prosecutor that his client was already guilty. The next reason why we see Racial Disparity in sentencing is caused by venue and jury selection. The phrase† location is everything† can prove to be a very painful truth for those who are punished for being placed on trial in the wrong area. † It is not uncommon for prosecutors to choose venues for the defendants which result in all-white juries†(Tabak,1999). The second problem of selecting a jury especially in cases involving Afro-Americans defendants is caused by the lack of questioning of jurors. Jurors normally give a correct answer when they are being questioned to show that they are neutral about the case when in fact they have very strong racial feelings concerning the case. The thing that hurt most African-American potiential jurors is the fact that those who would never be willing to impose the death penalty and in cases of capital conviction would vote against the death penalty can be automatically excluded from the jury. † A large percentage of African- Americans are opposed to the death penalty, this is in comparison to the general public†(Tabak,1999). Discriminating against black American’s is not uncommon for prosecutors during their discretionary challenges. The power to use discretion can be blatantly abused by prosecutors. In the case of Albert Jefferson, of Alabama, the prosecutor in the case, used his discretion to oppose 24 of the 26 potential black jurors, which is wrong based on the fact that we as Americans are allowed to have a trial by a jury of our peers. The exclusion of all minorities in juries is a violation against a fair trial for the defendant. When a prosecutor use their discretion to oppose a black juror the burden of proving they discriminated against the black juror is left up to the defendant to prove. Since black potential jurors cannot be excluded from the jury because of their race, they can be dismissed because of their views of the death penalty. Racial disparity in sentencing is caused by racist jurors. Their was a case where the defendant was a black man by the name of William Hance. In his case their was only one black woman juror selected for his case. The woman was against the death penalty however, when the head juror read the decision he left out the black juror vote. Because the woman juror was afraid to say anything the defendant was executed before she spoke out about it. Racial disparity does exist during sentencing of defendants. † It is said that nationwide 90% of those who are convicted for crack cocaine violations are black† (Kennedy,1996). By punishing everybody the same way the racial disparity may subside . our society thrives on the sterotype that this should also be taken into consideration when discussing racial disparity. Society have made a prison or jail stay almost like an† obligatory stage in the life of a young black men† (Mauer,2005). This shows further proof that we â€Å" choose to respond to criminal problems because we are racially determined. â€Å" many people view crime in society as a black problem† (Mauer, 2005). Crime is not just a black problem but, is a problem that everyone must deal with. All of the areas discussed should be paid closer attention in hopes to help others in the future do away with racial and cultural problems in the future. Kennedy, R. (2009). Everything is Race. White Plains, IL: McGraw -Hill. Master, G. (2006). Racial Disparity in Sentencing. Jackson, MS: Thomsom Co.. Mauer, M. (2004). Race, Class, and the Development of criminal justice policy review of policy research. Melborne, FL: McGraw-Hill. Tabak, R. (2009). Racial Discrimination in implementing the Death Penalty. New York,city, NY: thompson publishing co.. www. associated content. com. (may,2008). www. associated content. com. Retrieved from http://associated content. org

UNIT 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UNIT 5 - Essay Example Shoddy would be forced to comply with the terms of the agreement. This is due to the fact that Hoosier burg has been his territory for so long. He has a well-established clientele. Besides, he has those clients who are faithful to him and his comeback would sweep them all from the plaintiff’s shop. Another reason could be the fact that the sold shoe repair shop has not had a change of name. This somehow still gives Mr. Shoddy an upper hand in the business. As this contract is in place and after its end or stoppage, Bob Bobswell accepts to maintain the confidentiality of WABC’s details such as list of clientele, company operation modalities, or any other private matters. Bob Bobswell accepts to take proper care not to spill out anything accidentally (Emerson, 2009 p.145). It is important to note that, privacy and confidentiality prevents your competitors from knowing your operations therefore increasing your chances. As this agreement is still binding, the respective employee will work to perfection in their quest  to execute their duties diligently as a news anchor whilst keeping to the agreed terms and conditions. It is important that employer pledge commitment to competent service by the employee. WABC willingly accepts to pay Bobswell US$ 100000 in case of any damages. This is in respect to the assurance of compensation by the employer in case of any incident. At the end of this agreement, Bob Bobswell agrees not to engage in a similar venture as WABC for a period of one year around a distance of 50 miles of WABC in New York (Emerson, 2009 p.539). This is in respect to the assurance to the employer that his/her tactics will not be used against him/her. In case WABC fails to commit to its promises, the above conditions will no longer be binding. Rivalry means engaging in any other television venture with like interests. Bob Bobswell agrees to compensate an amount of US$100000 for failure to keep to the terms of this

Bancfirst Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bancfirst - Research Paper Example First is the economic environment because it affects the value of the bank’s financial instruments, securities and loans portfolios and market and credit risk exposure. For example, a decline in economic conditions could lead to increased regulatory scrutiny, increase loan delinquencies, reduce customer borrowing power and eventually lower demand for the bank’s products and services (Bancfirst 14). The demand curve for houses shifted to the right because of the following factors. Firstly, they began with low interest rates that prevailed from 2001 to 2004. These low rates made borrowers increasingly opt for adjustable rate mortgages over fixed-rate mortgages. Then the subprime mortgage industry developed a number of innovative products, e.g. hybrids, to fuel their growth. Hybrids were loans that began with a low fixed rate for an initial period and were then reset to higher variable rates for the remainder of the term of the loan. With such products in the market, borrowers and lenders alike focused only on the borrower’s ability to carry the low initial payments. These factors heightened consumer optimism and confidence which encouraged more borrowing. The equilibrium price went up. The falling prices made homeowners begin to owe more than their home’s value. Borrowers with adjustable rate mortgages were unable to refinance before their rates reset. As borrowers were unable to pay, foreclosures rose sharply and financial institutions that had invested heavily in subprime-related securities went into decline and some collapsed. With some firms collapsed, the supply curve shifted inward. Thus, the equilibrium price for houses went up. The housing crisis began when the US economy was in recession. This is manifested by the fact that the low interest rates that prevailed from 2001 to the end of 2004 were measures implemented by the Federal Reserve to combat the 2001 recession and prevent deflation (Barth et al. 7). The Federal Reserve Chairman says the

Six Sigma Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Six Sigma - Research Paper Example Brief History As a measurement standard, on the one hand, Six Sigma dated back to the 1800s when the German mathematician named Carl Frederick Gauss introduced the notion of normal curve (Islam 17). As a standard in variation, on the other hand, Six Sigma originated in the 1920s when Walter Shewhart, a Bell Telephone Laboratories statistician, proved that the three sigma from the average level are the reference point by which the process in question requires correction (Islam 17). On the other hand of the scale, the history of the praxis of â€Å"Six Sigma† in companies is fairly modern. Its coinage was made only in the 1980s by the Motorola engineer named Bill Smith. According to Islam, Smith is the individual credited in coining such term (17). Smith’s Six Sigma is one of the results from the Motorola’s decision to secure its global leadership. In the same decade, perhaps prior to Smith’s coinage, the executive leaders of the Motorola Company established a four-point plan as a response to Sundry’s â€Å"[o]ur quality stinks† (Barney and McCarty 2). Here, Sundry refers to the feedback expressed by the company’s costumers concerning product quality. ... In the third point plan, one observes that the phrase â€Å"quality improvements† -- probably the early definition of â€Å"Six Sigma† -- is a concept that comes from the principle or theory prominent in TQM. That is to say, Six Sigma in its early inception is not far from similar to TQM in a fundamental manner; the modification only occurs in the TQM’s adaptation or application to the Motorola culture. Definition and Methodology Pande, Neuman, and Cavanagh define the notion of Six Sigma in several ways; they state that Six Sigma is a way, a goal, an approach, and a system (77). First, Six Sigma is essentially a way or method of measuring certain process or processes. This implies that Six Sigma is a technique in which a particular activity or phenomenon (e.g., manufacturing products) is quantitatively measured. Second, Six Sigma is a goal, or has an end, of near perfection, which is quantifiable by 3.4 Defects per Million Opportunities or DPMO (Pande, Neuman, an d Cavanagh 77). As an end, the application of Six Sigma to a specific process or activity largely aims for a 3.4 DPMO; that is to say, for every one million of company products being manufactured, the number of their defects should be within the 3.4 range. Third, Six Sigma is an approach in which the culture of the organization is greatly altered. This definition of Six Sigma is historically grounded; it reminds us of Motorola’s 1980s third point plan -- the function of quality improvements to the company’s culture. Unlike the practice of traditional management, Six Sigma as an approach changes significantly the roles of the members (i.e., top and bottom) of the organization. The functions of leaders and their subordinates are fundamentally modified. Fourth, Six Sigma is

An overview of the Ozone Layer

An overview of the Ozone Layer INTRODUCTION â€Å"THE OZONE LAYER† The ozone layer is a portion of earth atmosphere that contains high levels of ozone. The atmosphere is divided into five layers: the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere, and the exosphere. The troposphere is the layer closest to earth and is where all weather happenings occur. The stratosphere is located directly above the troposphere, about 10-50 kilometers above the planet, and houses the ozone layer at an altitude of 20-30 kilometers. The mesosphere is located approximately 50-80 kilometers above the earth, while the thermosphere rests at an altitude of approximately 100-200 kilometers above the earth surface. Finally, the boundary of the outermost layer, the exosphere, extends roughly to 960-1000 kilometers above the earth. The ozone found in our atmosphere is formed by an interaction between oxygen molecules (composed of two oxygen atoms) and ultraviolet light. When ultraviolet light hits these oxygen molecules, the reaction causes the molecules to break apart into single atoms of oxygen (UV light + O2 > O + O). These single atoms of oxygen are very reactive, and a single atom combines with a molecule of oxygen to form ozone (O3), which is composed of three atoms of oxygen (2O + 2O2 > 2O3). Need for OZONE LAYER The ozone layer is essential for human life. It is able to absorb much harmful ultraviolet radiation, preventing penetration to the earth surface. Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is defined as radiation with wavelengths between 290-320 nanometers, which are harmful to life because this radiation can enter cells and destroy the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of many life forms on planet earth. In a sense, the ozone layer can be thought of as a UV filter or our planets built in sunscreen. Without the ozone layer, UV radiation would not be filtered as it reached the surface of the earth. If this happened, cancer would break out and all of the living civilizations, and all species on earth would be in jeopardy. Thus, the ozone layer essentially allows life, as we know it, to exist. A Dobson Unit is a measurement of how thick a specific portion of the ozone layer would be if it were compressed into a single layer at zero degrees Celsius with one unit of atmospheric pressure acting on it (standard temperature and pressure STP). Thus, one Dobson Unit (DU) is defined as .01 mm thickness at standard temperature and pressure. Since the ozone layer over this area would form a 3 mm thick slab, the measurement of the ozone over Labrador is 300 DU. Ozone depletion: Who is responsible? It is important to recognize the sources of ozone depletion before one can fully understand the problem. There are three main contributors to the ozone problem: human activity, natural sources, and volcanic eruptions. Human activity is by far the most prevalent and destructive source of ozone depletion, while threatening volcanic eruptions are less common. Human activity, such as the release of various compounds containing chlorine or bromine, accounts for approximately 75 to 85 percent of ozone damage. Perhaps the most evident and destructive molecule of this description is chloroflourocarbon (CFC). CFCs were first used to clean electronic circuit boards, and as time progressed, were used in aerosols and coolants, such as refrigerators and air conditioners. When CFCs from these products are released into the atmosphere, the destruction begins. As CFCs are emitted, the molecules float toward the ozone rich stratosphere. Then, when UV radiation contacts the CFC molecule, this causes o ne chlorine atom to liberate. This free chlorine then reacts with an ozone (O3) molecule to form chlorine monoxide (ClO) and a single oxygen molecule (O2). This reaction can be illustrated by the following chemical equation: Cl + O3 > O2 + ClO. Then, a single oxygen atom reacts with a chlorine monoxide molecule, causing the formation of an oxygen molecule (O2) and a single chlorine atom (O + ClO > Cl + O2). This threatening chlorine atom then continues the cycle and results in further destruction of the ozone layer . Measures have been taken to reduce the amount of CFC emission, but since CFCs have a life span of 20-100 years, previously emitted CFCs will do damage for years to come. Natural sources also contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer, but not nearly as much as human activity. Natural sources can be blamed for approximately 15 to 20 percent of ozone damage. A common natural source of ozone damage is naturally occurring chlorine. Naturally occurring chlorine, like the chlorine released from the reaction between a CFC molecule and UV radiation, also has detrimental effects and poses danger to the earth. Finally, volcanic eruptions are a small contributor to ozone damage, accounting for one to five percent. During large volcanic eruptions, chlorine, as a component of hydrochloric acid (HCl), is released directly into the stratosphere, along with sulfur dioxide. In this case, sulfur dioxide is more harmful than chlorine because it is converted into sulfuric acid aerosols. These aerosols accelerate damaging chemical reactions, which cause chlorine to destroy ozone. Rocket Launches May Need Regulation to Prevent Ozone Depletion As the rocket launch market grows, so will ozone-destroying rocket emissions, if left unregulated, rocket launches by the year 2050 could result in more ozone destruction than was ever realized by CFCs. Since some proposed space efforts would require frequent launches of large rockets over extended periods. In the policy world uncertainty often leads to unnecessary regulation, this could be avoided with a more robust understanding of how rockets affect the ozone layer. Current global rocket launches deplete the ozone layer by no more than a few hundredths of 1 percent annually. But as the space industry grows and other ozone-depleting chemicals decline in the Earths stratosphere, the issue of ozone depletion from rocket launches is expected to move to the forefront. Today, just a handful of NASA space shuttle launches release more ozone-depleting substances in the stratosphere than the entire annual use of CFC-based medical inhalers used to treat asthma and other diseases in the United States and which are now banned. Highly reactive trace-gas molecules known as radicals dominate stratospheric ozone destruction, and a single radical in the stratosphere can destroy up to 10,000 ozone molecules before being deactivated and removed from the stratosphere. Microscopic particles, including soot and aluminum oxide particles emitted by rocket engines, provide chemically active surface areas that increase the rate such radicals leak from their reservoirs and contribute to ozone destruction. Every type of rocket engine causes some ozone loss, and rocket combustion products are the only human sources of ozone-destroying compounds injected directly into the middle and upper stratosphere where the ozone layer resides. Although U.S. science agencies spent millions of dollars to assess the ozone loss potential from a hypothetical fleet of 500 supersonic aircraft a fleet that never materialized much less research has been done to understand the potential range of effects the existing global fleet of rockets might have on the ozone layer. Since 1987 CFCs have been banned from use in aerosol cans, freezer refrigerants and air conditioners. Many scientists expect the stratospheric ozone layer which absorbs more than 90 percent of harmful ultraviolet radiation that can harm humans and ecosystems to return to levels that existed prior to the use of ozone-depleting chemicals by the year 2040. Rockets around the world use a variety of propellants, including solids, liquids and hybrids. Ross said while little is currently known about how they compare to each other with respect to the ozone loss they cause, new studies are needed to provide the parameters required to guide possible regulation of both commercial and government rocket launches in the future. To reduce the risk that unpredictable and more strict ozone regulations would be a hindrance to space access by measuring and modeling exactly how different rocket types affect the ozone layer. Volcanic Aerosol Clouds and Gases Lead To Ozone Destruction The volcanic gases released during eruptions accelerate reactions that lead to ozone destruction. The researchers found that even relatively small volcanic eruptions can destroy ozone and create localised holes in the stratosphere. Previously, scientists had concentrated on the climatic effects of the tiny particles of volcanic sulphate created from the sulphur dioxide gas emitted during an eruption. For the first time, analysing data from a 2000 eruption of the Hekla volcano, Iceland, the researchers discovered that volcanic gases may also lead to the formation of ice and nitric acid particles. This is a critical finding as these particles switch on volcanic chorine gases, accelerating reactions that lead to ozone destruction. Volcanic eruptions which penetrate the stratosphere can lead to the formation of the type of clouds that promote reactions with volcanic chlorine gases gases that destroy stratospheric ozone and lead to the formation of mini-ozone holes. The ozone hole: Why over Antarctica? When the topic of the ozone layer arises, many people immediately think of the hole over Antarctica, but few know why the hole is actually there. In 1985, British scientists discovered this hole. A special condition exists in Antarctica that accelerates the depletion of the ozone layer. Every Arctic winter, a polar vortex forms over Antarctica. A polar vortex is a swirling mass of very cold, stagnant air surrounded by strong westerly wind. Since there is an absence of sun during Arctic winters, the air becomes incredibly cold and the formation of ice clouds occurs. When the sun returns in the spring, the light shining on the nitrogen oxide filled ice particles activates the formation of chlorine. This excess of ozone destroying chlorine rapidly accelerates the depletion of the ozone layer. Finally, when the polar vortex breaks up, the rapid dissolution decreases. It is evident that the effects of the polar vortex are dramatic.For about two month every southern spring, the total ozone declines by about 60% over most of Antarctica. In the core of the ozone hole, more than 75% of the ozone is lost and at some altitudes, the ozone virtually disappeared in October, 1999. The average size of the ozone hole is larger than most continents, including South America, Europe, Australia, and Antarctica, and the maximum size of the ozone hole in 1996 was larger than North America. Finally, one must note that the hole over Antarctica is truly a hole only in the Antarctic spring, when the depletion is extremely severe due to the vortex. The hole above Antarctica has clearly proven to be detrimental. Plankton, organisms that live on carbon, light, and nutrients such as nitrogen, are near the bottom of the food chain, and are accustomed to low levels of UV. In December of 1994, on the island of Bacharcaise off Antarctica, increased levels of UV radiation decreased the number of photoplankton dramatically. Photoplankton are the main source of food for krill, which in turn are the main source of food for various birds and whales in the Antarctic region. At this time, due to the decreased number of photoplankton, the krill level was so low that it could not support the penguin population. Thus, some penguins were forced to travel up to two hundred miles in search of food, but most returned with none. Furthermore, when summer came, only approximately ten of the 1800 hatched penguin chicks survived. This tragedy illustrates the fact that even underwater creatures are not protected from harmful UV rays, and is a perfect example of the entire food chain being affected due to an increase in the UV radiation as a result of the thinning ozone layer. EFFORTS TO REDUCE OZONE DEPLETION Internationalefforts to attempt to limit the production and release of CFCs began once the role of CFCs in ozone destruction was established. In 1987 the United Nations Montreal Protocol was agreed and came into effect in January 1989. The countries that signed up to the protocol aim to phase out the use of CFCs globally. The main CFCs ceased to be produced by the signatories in 1995, and the European Union ceased using them in 1998, except for a very small amount in limited and essential uses such as medical sprays. Although the Montreal Protocol has been successful, it should be noted that without the subsequent amendments, recovery of the ozone hole would have been impossible. Thehydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) were developed to replace CFCs. These gases can still damage ozone if they reach the stratosphere, but they are less likely to since their extra hydrogen atom allows them to be destroyed in the lower layers of the atmosphere. These gases are also controlled under the Montreal Protocol and were phased out after 2004. The gases that replaced both the CFCs and HCFCs are hydro-fluorocarbons (HFCs), which do not contain any chlorine atoms and so have no ozone depleting effect. Unfortunately, many of them are powerful greenhouse gases and could contribute to global warming if emitted in large quantities. SincetheCFCshaveatmospheric lifetimes of about 50 to 100 years, and take 5 to 10 years to reach the upper atmosphere where they are broken down, the atmosphere reacts slowly to the cuts made in emissions of these gases. Stratospheric ozone should begin to increase as the amount of chlorine and bromine decreases. However, ozone is affected by changes in other gases, such as methane, temperature changes due to climate change, and also indirectly by particles from volcanic eruptions. Compoundscontainingbromine, such as methyl bromide (mainly of natural origin) and the brominated CFCs (halons: used mainly as fire retardants), are also ozone-depleting chemicals. While the total amount of chlorine in the lower atmosphere peaked in 1994, and is now slowly declining, the total amount of bromine is still increasing. An assessment by the World Meteorological Organization in 1998 estimated that global and Antarctic ozone levels would return to pre-1980 levels by 2050, and in 2003 evidence suggested that the rate at which ozone is disappearing had indeed slowed down markedly, although estimates as to when ozone can return to a proper balance have now been revised to the latter half of the 21st century. However, many factors influence ozone, and future levels are not completely predictable. SOCIAL ASPECTS The most obvious, and perhaps most important connection between society and the ozone layer is the fact that scientific research suggests depletion of the ozone layer directly and indirectly endangers the health of the population. Research has focused on connections between the depleting ozone layer and skin cancer, immuno-suppression, cataracts, and snowblindness. Ozone depletion and skin cancer: What is the connection? Exposure to UV radiation increases the risk of skin cancer and causes damage to the DNA in the skin cells. DNA is extremely sensitive to UV radiation, especially UV-B radiation. UV radiation is located in the optical radiation portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, while UV-B radiation is a subdivision of the ultraviolet spectrum and consists of a wavelength of 280 to 315 nanometers. Thus, DNA is especially sensitive to radiation with a wavelength between 280 and 315 nanometers . When UV radiation hits the skin, it can cause the cell to lock up and scramble or delete DNA information. This action causes confusion in the DNA, and the body loses control of the growth and division of the cell. If the conditions are right, the cell may become cancerous. It is important to note that not all affected cells turn into skin cancer, for many can repair themselves. However, continual exposure to UV radiation increases the risk of skin cancer due to cumulative damage of the DNA. Skin cancer can be divided into two categories: melanoma and non-melanoma. The melanoma form of skin cancer is the more dangerous of the two. This type of cancer has the ability to spread quickly throughout the body and invade other cells. On the other hand, non-melanoma skin cancer is not to be taken lightly either, but is a less serious form of the disease. Non-melanoma skin cancers are not usually life threatening, and removal is relatively routine. However, treatment does include radiation therapy or surgery. The concern of many is that sunburn may lead to increased risk of acquiring skin cancer. Some forms of cancer are associated with sunburn, while other forms are not. Melanoma skin cancer is a form that sunburns may play a leading role in. Jan van der Leun, a Dutch scientist, explains that, light hitting the outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, triggers the production of some substances which diffuse into the dermis below. The dermis is filled with blood vessels, and the c hemical substances cause them to dilate, making the skin red and warm to the touch. The bottom line is that UV ray exposure increases the risk of skin cancer. However, controversy lies around the question of whether or not the depletion of the ozone layer will lead to more sunburns, and in turn, more skin cancer. Some scientists suggest that the skin will gradually adapt to higher UV-B levels as the ozone gradually depletes. The opponent to this theory would state that the thinning of the ozone layer would lead to more human UV-B exposure. This increased UV-B exposure would, in turn, increase the damage to the DNA making it difficult for the cell to correct the damage before it divides. This damage accumulates over time and increases the chances that a cell will turn cancerous. In addition, since UV-B radiation damages the immune system, it is much more likely that a cell will turn cancerous.In animal studies, immunosuppressive effects caused by UV-B have indeed been shown to play an important role in the outcome of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Furth ermore, states that for the non-melanoma skin cancers, the evidence is compelling and there are estimates that each percentage decrease in the stratospheric ozone will lead to a two percent increase in the incidence of these cancers. Thus, if the ozone depletes by ten percent over a certain time period, 250,000 more people would be affected by these cancers each year. Due to controversy in the scientific community, it is difficult to clearly state whether or not ozone depletion will lead to an increased risk of skin cancers, but scientists agree on the fact that UV-B radiation plays a large role in the formation of cancer. Thus, it may very well be that as the UV filter we call the ozone layer thins, the increased amount of UV-B radiation posed on human skin may contribute to an increased amount of skin cancer. Yet, one can only weigh all the evidence and speculate, for science has yet to provide a cut and dry answer for society to base its judgments on. DISCUSSION Regardless of the details of the arguments, it is obvious that the depletion of the ozone layer is a serious problem that poses many consequences to society. Although scientific controversy exists, the possibility seems high that the depletion of the ozone layer will prove detrimental if action is not taken. For example, research shows the strong possibility of a number of health risks associated with increased UV-B exposure as a direct result of the thinning ozone layer. These health risks include skin cancer, immuno-suppression, cataracts, and snow blindness. Furthermore, the possibility that increased UV-B radiation results in lower crop yields should provide a wakeup call to those who feel the thinning ozone layer is not a problem. For if we are not able to breed UV-B resistant plants, the worlds food supply would become dramatically decreased, resulting in higher levels of famine and malnutrition. Studies from Antarctica tell society that increased UV radiation can directly affect the food chain. Recall the decrease in food supply as a result of reduced levels of photoplankton in Antarctica. This may seem like an isolated, non-significant, and remote problem; however, this incident illustrates the dangers of reduced food supply and alteration of the food chain as a result of the thinning ozone layer. Even though the photoplankton were located at the bottom of the food chain, the whole chain was affected. In the future, problems like this could potentially affect the global food web and result in an overall decrease in food supply. Thus, realize that the dangers posed by ozone depletion are real now, and will be in the future, if action is not taken. Take Action: Teamwork does the trick Although the earth will be able to heal itself if the CFC level continues to stay as it is, the depletion of the ozone layer is still a problem that society should be concerned with. In order for earth to repair the damage humans have posed on the ozone layer, society must take an active role. There are many tasks individuals can involve themselves in to help combat the problem of ozone depletion. First of all, one can simply check product labels for ozone friendly status. Many companies have gone to great lengths to remove CFCs from their products. These products do not do as much damage to the ozone layer, and thus, are denoted as ozone friendly. A collaborative effort by society not using products with CFCs is a major step toward the healing of the ozone layer. Unfortunately, many products still used in society are detrimental to the ozone layer. For example, CFCs marketed under the trade name Freon are used in appliances with refrigerants such as refrigerators and air conditioners. When individuals must dispose of products with refrigerants in them, certain actions must be taken in order to prevent the CFCs from escaping from the disposed product. For example, when an agency, such as a waste hauling company, comes to pick up the unwanted appliance, check to make sure refrigerant-recovery equipment is used by the agency. This equipment allows for the disposal of refrigerants without damage to the ozone layer. Society can also help the problem of ozone depletion through education, as well as through various donations. If individuals contribute time or money to environmental agencies focused on healing the ozone layer, the agencies will be able to organize activities promoting the understanding of the ozone problem. If society is educated through these means, more individual efforts will be taken to make ozone smart decisions such as using ozone friendly products. Although thinning ozone may not directly affect the generation growing up today, future generations depend on the actions taken now. Thus, it is important for society to recognize that the thinning ozone layer is a problem and to take action in order to ensure the safety and survival of future generations. Result It is very much clear from the above discussions that there is an urgent need of the hour to realize the importance of the very critical ozone layer which is just like a god gift to human civilisation. It acts as a protection shield which prevents the dangerous and harmful UV rays entering the earth surface. It job is to filter those harmful particles present in the rays that can lead to severe destruction of mankind, wealth and property. The impact of ozone depletion can be seen on the world`s economy today it has slow down the progress of not only any particular nation rather it is a global phenomenon which is hindering development. According to surveys conducted it has been seen that year 1998 observed max. decline in amount of ozone depletion. SUMMARY The ozone layer is essential for protecting society from harmful UV radiation by acting as a filter. However, this protective layer has been thinning due to three main sources: human activity, natural sources, and volcanoes. Human activity is responsible for the most damage to the ozone layer, thus, society should recognize that much can be done to prevent ozone layer damage. In 1985, in a region over Antarctica, the yearly polar vortex had caused the ozone layer to deplete so greatly, that it could be classified as a hole. In 1996, this hole was large enough to cover Antarctica. The depletion of the ozone layer does not come without problems. Scientific research has suggested the probability that increased UV-B radiation as a result of the thinning ozone layer leads to increased cases of skin cancer, immuno-suppression, cataracts, and snowblindness due to radiation damage of the DNA. Additionally, experiments have shown a correlation between increased UV radiation and crop damage due to UV radiation damaging the plants DNA. Some scientists, however, feel that this will not be a problem in the future due to the possibility of breeding UV resistant crops and plants. Many national governments and agencies recognized the problem of ozone depletion, and therefore, united in 1987 to sign the Montreal Protocol. This agreement was implemented to decrease CFC levels in order to help protect the thinning ozone layer. Clearly, ozone depletion is a dangerous problem due to possible disease outbreaks and famine as a result of increased UV-B radiation. However, society can collectively attempt to combat this problem by relatively simple means such as education and the practice of ozone smart behavior. For if society acts now, future generations will be handed a safe and healthy planet.